技术学习笔记

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项目初始化 ​

1. 创建父工程 ​

1.1 创建目录 ​

bash
mkdir ecommerce-microservices
cd ecommerce-microservices

1.2 父 POM 配置 ​

xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
         https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>4.0.0</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>ecommerce-microservices</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>
    <name>ecommerce-microservices</name>
    <description>E-commerce Microservices</description>
    
    <properties>
        <java.version>21</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>2025.1.1</spring-cloud.version>
        <spring-cloud-alibaba.version>2023.0.1.0</spring-cloud-alibaba.version>
    </properties>
    
    <modules>
        <module>common</module>
        <module>gateway-service</module>
        <module>user-service</module>
        <module>product-service</module>
        <module>order-service</module>
        <module>payment-service</module>
        <module>inventory-service</module>
        <module>notification-service</module>
    </modules>
    
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud-alibaba.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.example</groupId>
                <artifactId>common</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    
    <build>
        <pluginManagement>
            <plugins>
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </pluginManagement>
    </build>
</project>

2. 创建公共模块 ​

2.1 公共模块 POM ​

xml
<project>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>ecommerce-microservices</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>common</artifactId>
    <name>common</name>
    <description>Common Module</description>
    
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-validation</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mapstruct</groupId>
            <artifactId>mapstruct</artifactId>
            <version>1.5.5.Final</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

2.2 公共响应类 ​

java
public record ApiResponse<T>(
    int code,
    String message,
    T data,
    long timestamp
) {
    public static <T> ApiResponse<T> success(T data) {
        return new ApiResponse<>(200, "success", data, System.currentTimeMillis());
    }
    
    public static <T> ApiResponse<T> success(String message, T data) {
        return new ApiResponse<>(200, message, data, System.currentTimeMillis());
    }
    
    public static <T> ApiResponse<T> error(int code, String message) {
        return new ApiResponse<>(code, message, null, System.currentTimeMillis());
    }
}

2.3 公共异常类 ​

java
public class BusinessException extends RuntimeException {
    private final int code;
    
    public BusinessException(String message) {
        super(message);
        this.code = 400;
    }
    
    public BusinessException(int code, String message) {
        super(message);
        this.code = code;
    }
    
    public int getCode() {
        return code;
    }
}

public class ResourceNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
    public ResourceNotFoundException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}

2.4 全局异常处理 ​

java
@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    
    @ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ApiResponse<Void>> handleBusinessException(BusinessException ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(ex.getCode())
                .body(ApiResponse.error(ex.getCode(), ex.getMessage()));
    }
    
    @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ApiResponse<Void>> handleResourceNotFoundException(
            ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
                .body(ApiResponse.error(404, ex.getMessage()));
    }
    
    @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ApiResponse<Map<String, String>>> handleValidationException(
            MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
        Map<String, String> errors = new HashMap<>();
        ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().forEach(error ->
            errors.put(error.getField(), error.getDefaultMessage()));
        
        return ResponseEntity.badRequest()
                .body(ApiResponse.error(400, "参数验证失败"));
    }
}

3. 创建用户服务 ​

3.1 服务 POM ​

xml
<project>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>ecommerce-microservices</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>user-service</artifactId>
    <name>user-service</name>
    
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.example</groupId>
            <artifactId>common</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-config</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-loadbalancer</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
            <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

3.2 启动类 ​

java
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class UserServiceApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(UserServiceApplication.class, args);
    }
}

3.3 配置文件 ​

yaml
# bootstrap.yml
spring:
  application:
    name: user-service
  profiles:
    active: dev
  cloud:
    nacos:
      config:
        server-addr: localhost:8848
        file-extension: yaml
        namespace: dev
      discovery:
        server-addr: localhost:8848
        namespace: dev

# application.yml
server:
  port: 8081

spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/user_db
    username: root
    password: password
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: update
    show-sql: true

4. 创建网关服务 ​

4.1 网关 POM ​

xml
<project>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>ecommerce-microservices</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>gateway-service</artifactId>
    <name>gateway-service</name>
    
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-loadbalancer</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis-reactive</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

4.2 网关配置 ​

yaml
server:
  port: 8080

spring:
  application:
    name: gateway-service
  cloud:
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: localhost:8848
    gateway:
      discovery:
        locator:
          enabled: true
      routes:
        - id: user-service
          uri: lb://user-service
          predicates:
            - Path=/api/users/**
          filters:
            - StripPrefix=1
        
        - id: product-service
          uri: lb://product-service
          predicates:
            - Path=/api/products/**
          filters:
            - StripPrefix=1
        
        - id: order-service
          uri: lb://order-service
          predicates:
            - Path=/api/orders/**
          filters:
            - StripPrefix=1

5. Docker Compose ​

5.1 基础设施配置 ​

yaml
version: '3.8'

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: password
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    volumes:
      - mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./init:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
  
  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
  
  rabbitmq:
    image: rabbitmq:3-management
    ports:
      - "5672:5672"
      - "15672:15672"
  
  nacos:
    image: nacos/nacos-server:v2.3.0
    environment:
      MODE: standalone
    ports:
      - "8848:8848"
  
  zipkin:
    image: openzipkin/zipkin
    ports:
      - "9411:9411"

volumes:
  mysql_data:

5.2 启动基础设施 ​

bash
docker-compose up -d

6. 小结 ​

本章完成了项目初始化：

内容要点
父工程依赖管理、模块定义
公共模块公共类、异常处理
用户服务服务创建、配置
网关服务路由配置
Docker Compose基础设施部署

下一章将学习核心功能开发。